I’m
sure you’ve heard of vitamin K and its role in blood clotting but did
you know that this vitamin exists in two forms namely vitamin K1
(phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (a group of compounds known as
menaquinones)?
So what you may wonder. Well, vitamin K1 deficiency is rare and practically nonexistent, unlike vitamin K2 deficiency.
Unfortunately,
although vitamin K2 could be the ‘missing link’ between diet and
numerous fatal health conditions, it hasn’t been much in the spotlight.
In this article, we’ll unravel everything you need to know about this
little-known nutrient.
Top 5 health benefits of vitamin K2
1.Vitamin K2 could keep cardiovascular diseases at bay.
New
evidence has confirmed that vitamin K2 can offer protection against
heart disease via the different mechanisms described below.
Did
you know that about 20% of atherosclerotic plaques (from the early to
the more advanced stages of heart disease) are made up of calcium?
Calcification
of the arteries is a massive risk factor for heart disease and that’s
where vitamin K2 comes in. By regulating calcium metabolism, vitamin K2
ensures that calcium gets deposited in the bones and teeth where it
belongs and out of soft tissues like the arteries and veins where it can
cause tremendous damage. Vitamin K2 also ensures that the arteries
remain elastic and flexible and thus allows blood to flow easily through
the body.
Vitamin
K2 also tones down inflammation while preventing accumulation of lipids
and white blood cells in the arteries. In other words, this vitamin can
help keep heart disease at bay by reducing the risk of plaque formation
which marks the debut of atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries).
Another
mechanism by which vitamin K2 can protect you against heart disease is
through the activation of Matrix GLA Protein (MGP), a protein which is
in charge of protecting arteries and veins against calcification.
Damage
to your blood vessels – this can be caused by a diet high in sugar or
an unhealthy lifestyle amongst other things – elicits an inflammatory
response which can cause calcium to deposit in the damaged tissue. This
plaque buildup is the underlying mechanism that can lead you down the
road to a heart attack.
However,
if your intake of vitamin K2 and D is sufficient, these two nutrients
will work together to increase MGP which will then inhibit calcium from
being deposited in your soft tissues.
How can you predict your risk of heart disease?
One
of the things you could do is to determine your calcium score test –
this test measures the calcification of arteries and provides a much
more accurate prediction of your future risk of heart disease than your
cholesterol levels.
If
your calcium score is high, taking therapeutic doses of vitamin K2
(under the supervision of your health care provider) while improving
your diet and exercising more can help reduce your calcium score.
Research Findings
In the Rotterdam Study,
scientists investigated the vitamin K2 intake of more than 4,800 men
who were over 55 and thus constituted a high-risk age group for heart
disease. The subjects were divided into three groups based on their
vitamin K2 intake. Those with the highest intake of dietary vitamin K2
per day (33 micrograms) had a 52% lower risk of severe calcification of
the aorta, a 41% reduced risk of coronary heart disease and a 51% lower
risk of death due to heart disease. This group also showed a 26% lower
risk of death due to any causes.
What’s
really interesting is that although the study participants consumed, on
average, 10 times more dietary vitamin K1 than vitamin K2, the
researchers didn’t find any relationship between vitamin K1 intake and
the risk markers described. In other words, simply consuming lots of
vitamin K1 will not provide you with the same health benefits as dietary
vitamin K2.
Take home message:
Getting sufficient dietary vitamin K2 has been linked to a
significantly reduced risk of heart disease. Vitamin K1 does not appear
to possess the same health benefits.
2.Vitamin K2 may reduce risks of osteoporosis.
Let
me ask you something: if you wanted to optimize your bone health, what
would you do? Ensure that you’re getting enough dietary calcium, vitamin
D and magnesium while doing some weight-bearing exercises?
That’s great; but you’d also have to add vitamin K2 (and intestinal health optimization) to that list.
You
see, this fat-soluble vitamin is necessary to activate osteocalcin, a
protein secreted by osteoblasts the body’s bone-building cells. Once
activated, osteocalcin can pull calcium into the bones where the
osteoblasts then incorporate it into the bone structure. This process
ameliorates bone architecture; increases bone mass and strength while
improving the bone’s collagen structure (cross-linking of fibrous
tissue) to promote the formation of tough but supple bone which is less
vulnerable to fractures. That’s not all; together with vitamin D3,
vitamin K2 can help prevent bone loss.
Study findings
In a 3-year study, post-menopausal women taking vitamin K2 supplements experienced a much slower decline in bone mineral density.
Scientists have also discovered that women living in western Japan (where the diet is lower in vitamin K2) had a significantly higher risk of hip fractures compared to those living in Tokyo where vitamin K2 rich foods are regularly consumed.
Take
home message: Getting sufficient vitamin K2 may help optimize your bone
health and research indicates that this vitamin could protect against
fractures while reducing the risks of osteoporosis.
3. Vitamin K2 may enhance dental health.
You’re
most likely aware that diet leaves a colossal footprint on teeth
structure. Or that well-formed teeth are more resistant to decay.
‘How does that help me? I’m a grown up with already formed teeth…’ you’re probably muttering to yourself.
Well,
let me tell you something: your teeth can heal themselves if the right
nutrients and conditions are present. Although more research is
warranted, current evidence suggests that vitamin K2 could help prevent
and even reverse tooth decay in various ways as explained below.
To
better understand the role of vitamin K2 in teeth health, it can help
to know that the tooth consists of four layers. The hardest outer shell
of the tooth is known as the enamel and is the most mineralized of the
four layers. Below the enamel is another protective mineralized layer,
called the dentin. The pulp which contains blood vessels and nerves is
found below the dentin and just above the cementum another mineralized
tissue which coats the roots.
If
your enamel is poorly structured – this can happen if your diet is
deficient in nutrients or rich in refined carbs and sugar – it will
demineralize easily. And that’s when decay sets in.
It’s
worth noting that tooth decay is an opportunistic infection caused by
bacteria living in the mouth. When you eat carbs (especially refined
ones or sugar), the bacteria also feed on these, producing acid which
gradually dissolves the enamel. As the cavity progresses, it penetrates
the dentin and can reach the pulp.
Provided that your diet is healthy, decaying tooth can heal itself by:
- Remineralizing the enamel and dentin.
- Promoting the growth of new dentin – the hard-work here goes to odontoblasts, specialized cells in the pulp.
Vitamin K2 may help strengthen your teeth
Want a healthy smile?
If
so, make sure to get enough calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus in your
diet – these nutrients all play a major role in the formation and
maintenance of mineralization in healthy teeth and gums during childhood
and adulthood.
Your teeth become
more resistant to cavity formation when the protein osteocalcin
triggers mineralization (the deposition of calcium and phosphorus salts
in your teeth). This mineralization process strengthens the enamel while
stimulating the growth of new dentin (the calcified tissue under your
enamel).
Wondering what that has
got to do with vitamin K2? Well, for osteocalcin to do its job
effectively, it needs to be activated by vitamin K2.
Vitamin K2 may help prevent tooth decay.
Dr
Weston Price reported that ‘Activator X’ (now known as vitamin K2)
influenced the composition of saliva by reducing the amount of bacteria
contained in the saliva. Dr Price found that a vitamin K2 concentrate
could significantly reduce the Lactobacillus acidophilus count. This
bacteria has been associated with tooth decay.
In
an experiment, Dr Weston Price monitored the dental health of poor
children after feeding them a very nutritious diet including lots of
vitamin K2, vitamin D and various minerals. Before and after X-rays
clearly showed that the diet helped re-calcify the children’s
cavity-ridden teeth.
Take home message: Vitamin K2 can help optimize dental health by enhancing mineralization of teeth and reducing bacteria that promote tooth decay.
4. Vitamin K2 promotes healthy brain function
Autopsies
have shown that the brain contains one of the highest concentration of
vitamin K2 in the body – between 70 to 93% of the vitamin. This wide
range in vitamin K2 concentrations in the brain may imply that we
convert vitamin K1 to K2 less efficiently and are therefore more
dependent on dietary vitamin K2.
Studies
suggest that vitamin K2 supports enzymes that are involved in the
synthesis of lipids known as sulfatides within the brain. As we age,
brain concentrations of vitamin K2, sulfatides and proteins dependent on
vitamin K start to fall. This decline has been linked to neurological
degeneration that occurs with aging. In fact, autopsies of human brains
affected with early stage Alzheimer’s disease indicate 93% lower
sulfatides levels in the brain.
Neuroscientists
discovered that vitamin K2 could counteract the effects of one the
genetic defects which causes Parkinson’s disease, namely a reduction in
mitochondrial activity. (Mitochondrias can be regarded as the power
plants of cells.) When the energy producing processes of mitochondrias
are disrupted, they cannot produce enough energy for the cell – this
causes brain cells to start dying off, affecting communication between
neurons and leading to typical Parkinson’s symptoms.
Vitamin K2 may also play at least two other roles in the brain:
Protein gas6 which is dependent on vitamin K2 promotes brain cell survival.
Vitamin
K2 completely protects cells that synthesize myelin against damage
caused by free radicals. [The myelin is a protective fatty layer that
insulate nerve fibers in the central nervous system and enables them to
quickly transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body.]
Based
on observations from animal studies, researchers speculate that a
vitamin K2 deficiency could lead to fatigue and learning issues in
humans. Extreme deficiencies of the vitamin can also increase
predisposition to seizures.
Take home message: Vitamin
K2 deficiencies can cause cognitive decline, learning issues, fatigue
and serious conditions like seizures, cerebral palsy and mental
retardations especially during infancy when the human brain is extremely
vulnerable to oxidative stress.
5. Vitamin K2 can reduce recurrence of cancer.
Experiments
on cells indicate that vitamin K2 possess potent anti-carcinogenic
properties that may make it a potential candidate in the prevention and
treatment of cancer.
Vitamin K2 is able to hamper cancer development via several pathways:
- Altering growth factors as well as the tumor’s receptor molecules– this reduces the tumor’s ability to grow and spread.
- Halting the reproductive cell cycle – this prevent the cancer cells from multiplying.
- Promoting the synthesis of a DNA-degrading protein which is usually suppressed by cancer cells. This process prevents cancer cells from effectively repairing themselves.
- Triggering programmed cancer cell death.
- Stimulating oxidative stress– cancer cells are highly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Healthy tissues remain unaffected.
- Causing cancer cells to split open – this occurs in the presence of vitamin C.
- Preventing the formation of new blood vessels which favor the rapid growth of cancer cells.
Clinical trials suggest that vitamin K2 could decrease reappearance of liver cancer and increase survival rate.
Research
also shows that vitamin K2 is able to safely inhibit the development
and metastasis of brain tumors, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, human
hepatocellular carcinoma (a common and lethal form of liver cancer),
human leukemia cells, lung cancer, and stomach cancer.
In
an observational study involving about 11,000 men, researchers found
that those with the highest intake of vitamin K2 had a 63% lower risk of
advanced prostate cancer. Vitamin K1 showed no such benefit.
In
another study, cancer patients either received vitamin K2 or a placebo.
87% the cancer patients in the supplemented group survived the first
three years compared to 64% in the control group. Plus, the group which
took the supplement showed much lower cancer recurrence rates compared
to the control group:
12.5% vs. 55.2% at 12 months;
39.0% vs. 83.2% at 24 months;
64.3% vs. 91.6% at 36 months.
Take home message: Vitamin K2 could help prolong the life of cancer patients and may reduce the incidence of various cancers.
Who needs extra vitamin K2?
Practically
everyone – as mentioned, unlike deficiencies of vitamin K1, vitamin K2
deficiencies are very prevalent and scientists have concluded that most
of us are not consuming enough of K2 to enable proteins dependent on
this vitamin to function at their peak and maintain long-term health.
And
if you’re diabetic, you may have a higher need for vitamin K2: patients
with diabetes often have lower MGP levels in their arteries. This could
be one the factors behind the higher prevalence of arterial
calcification and heart disease among diabetics.
If
you suffer from digestive disorders or regularly take antibiotics, you
may also need more vitamin K2: if digestion is impaired, your body may
not be able to absorb sufficient vitamin K2.